《理工科物理學（英文版·原書第8版）》的兩大編寫原則：就物理學的基本概念和基本原理為學生提供一個清晰、富有邏輯性的講解：通過大量、有趣的日常生活中的真實例子加強讀者對基本概念及原理的理解全書涵蓋了經典物理學的基本內容，并簡要介紹了近代物理學的內容，共分6部分：牛頓力學及流體；碰撞、機械波及聲學；熱力學；電學和磁學；光學相對論。
《理工科物理學（英文版·原書第8版）》的整體風格是強調“易學”，注重啟發性、緊密聯系生活實際，主要特色有：“General Problem-Solving Strategy”為讀者提供了一個解答一般性題目的詳盡方法，并將這種解題方法貫穿在全書的每個例題中；
大約1／3的例題都包含“What If？”這樣的問題，即在解題完成后，改變題目中的某些條件，讓讀者考慮各個待求量會相應地如何變化這有助于鼓勵讀者去思考例題的結果，而且也能幫助他們對原理進行概念性的理解：
貫穿在書中的大量的“Quick Quiz”可用來檢驗讀者對物理概念的掌握程度；
《理工科物理學（英文版·原書第8版）》提供的兩百多個“Pitfall Preventions”能幫助讀者在學習中盡量避免常見錯誤和誤解。
《理工科物理學（英文版·原書第8版）》可作為高等院校理工科各專業的大學物理雙語課教材。也可供相關教師及自學愛好者參考之用。
隨著我國加入WTO，國際間的競爭越來越激烈，而國際間的競爭實際上也就是人才的競爭、教育的競爭。為了加快培養具有國際競爭力的高水平技術人才，加快我國教育改革的步伐，國家教育部出臺了一系列倡導高校開展雙語教學、引進原版教材的政策。以此為契機，機械工業出版社陸續推出了一系列影印版國外優秀教材，其內容涉及高等學校公共基礎課，以及機、電、信息領域的專業基礎課和專業課。
引進國外優秀原版教材，在有條件的學校推動和開展英語授課或雙語教學的同時，自然也引進了先進的教學思想和教學方法，這對提高我國自編教材的水平，加強學生的英語實際應用能力，使我國的高等教育盡快與國際接軌，必將起到積極的推動作用。
為了做好教材的引進工作，機械工業出版社特別成立了由著名專家組成的國外高校優秀教材審定委員會。這些專家對實施雙語教學做了深入細致的調查研究，對引進原版教材提出了許多建設性意見，并慎重地對每一本將要引進的原版教材一審再審，精選再精選，確認教材本身的質量水平，以及權威性和先進性，以期所引進的原版教材能適應我國學生的外語水平和學習特點。在引進工作中，審定委員會還結合我國高校教學課程體系的設置和要求，對原版教材的教學思想和方法的先進性、科學性嚴格把關，同時盡量考慮原版教材的系統性和經濟性。
這套教材出版后，我們將及時地將其推薦給各高校選用，并將根據各高校的雙語教學計劃，舉辦原版教材的教師培訓。希望高校師生在使用教材后及時反饋意見和建議，使我們更好地為教學改革服務。
Preface
PART 1： MECHANICS
1.Physics and Measurement
1.1 Standards of Length， Mass， and Time
1.2 Matter and Model Building
1.3 Dimensional Analysis
1.4 Conversion of Units
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
1.6 Significant Figures
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
2.Motion in One Dimension
2.1 Position， Velocity， and Speed
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 Analysis Model： Particle Under Constant Velocity
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Diagrams
2.6 Analysis Model： Particle Under Constant Acceleration
2.7 Freely Falling Objects
2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
3.Vectors
3.1 Coordinate Systems
3.9 Vector and Scalar Quantities
3.3 Some Properties of Vectors
3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
4.Motion in Two Dimensions
4.1 The Position， Velocity， and Acceleration Vectors
4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
4.3 Projectile Motion
4.4 Analysis Model： Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
5.The Laws of Motion
5.1 The Concept of Force
5.2 Newtons First Law and Inertial Frames
5.3 Mass
5.4 Newtons Second Law
5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
5.6 Newtons Third Law
5.7 Analysis Models Using Newtons Second Law
5.8 Forces of Friction
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
6.Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newtons Laws
6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
7.Energy of a System
7.1 Systems and Environments
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
7.6 Potential Energy of a System
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a
System
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
8.Conservation of Energy
8.1 Analysis Model： Nonisolated System （Energy）
8.2 Analysis Model： Isolated System （Energy）
8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconser-vative Forces
8.5 Power
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
9.Linear Momentum and Collisions
9.1 Linear Momentum
9.2 Analysis Model： Isolated System （Momentum）
9.3 Analysis Model： Nonisolated System （Momentum）
9.4 Collisions in One Dimension
9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions
9.6 The Center of Mass
9.7 Systems of Many Particles
9.8 Deformable Systems
9.9 Rocket Propulsion
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
10. Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
10.1 Angular Position， Velocity， and Acceleration
10.2 Analysis Model： Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration
10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy
10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia
10.6 Torque
10.7 Analysis Model： Rigid Object Under a Net Torque
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion
10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
11. Angular Momentum
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque
11.2 Analysis Model： Nonisolated System （Angular Momentum）
11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object
11.4 Analysis Model： Isolated System （Angular Momentum）
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
12.1 Analysis Model： Rigid Object in Equilibrium
12.2 More on the Center of Gravity
12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium
12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
13. Universal Gravitation
13.1 Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation
13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
13.3 Keplers Laws and the Motion of Planets
13.4 The Gravitational Field
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and
Satellite Motion
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
14. Fluid Mechanics
14.1 Pressure
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
14.3 Pressure Measurements
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle
14.5 Fluid Dynamics
14.6 Bernoullis Equation
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
PART 2： OSCILLATIONS AND MECHANICAL WAVES
15. Oscillatory Motion
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
15.2 Analysis Model： Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion
15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion
15.5 The Pendulum
15.6 Damped Oscillations
15.7 Forced Oscillations
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
16. Wave Motion494
16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance
16.2 Analysis Model： Traveling Wave
16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings
16.4 Reflection and Transmission
16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves onStrings
16.6 The Linear Wave Equation
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
17. Sound Waves
17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves
17.2 Speed of Sound Waves
17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves
17.4 The Doppler Effect
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
18. Superposition and Standing Waves
18.1 Analysis Model： Waves in Interference
18.2 Standing Waves
18.3 Analysis Model： Waves Under Boundary Conditions
18.4 Resonance
18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns
18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes
18.7 Beats： Interference in Time
18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
PART 3： THERMODYNAMICS
19. Temperature
19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale
19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
Summary
Objective Questizons
Conceptual Questions
Problems
20. The First Law of Thermodynamics
20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
20.3 Latent Heat
20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
21. The Kinetic Theory of Gases
21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
21.4 The Equipartition of Energy
21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
22. Heat Engines， Entropy， and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
22.4 The Carnot Engine
22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines
22.6 Entropy
22.7 Entropy and the Second Law
22.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
PART 4： ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
23. Electric Fields
23.1 Properties of Electric Charges
23.2 Charging Objects by Induction
23.3 Coulombs Law
23.4 The Electric Field
23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
23.6 Electric Field Lines
23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
24．Gauss，SLaw
24．1 Electric Flux
24．2 Gauss’s Law
24．3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
24．4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
25．Electric Potential
25．1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
25．2 Potential Difrerence in a Uniform Electric Field
25．3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges
25．4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential
25．5 Electric Potential DHe to Continuous Charge Distributions
25．6 Electric Potential DHe to a Charged Conductor
25．7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
25．8 Applications of Electrostatics
Summary
Objective Ouestions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
26．Capacitance and Dielectrics
26．1 Deftnition of Capacitance
26．2 Calculating Capacitance
26．3 Combinations of Capacitors
26．4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
26．5 Capacitors with Dielectrics
26．6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field
26．7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
27．Current and Resistance
27．1 Electric Current．
27．2 Resistance
27．3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
27．4 Resistance and Temperature
27．5 Superconductors
27．6 Electrical Power
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
28．Direct-Current Circuits
28．1 Electromotive Force
28．2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
28．3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
28．4 RC Circuits
28．5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safetv
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
29．Magnetic Fields
29．1 Magnetic Fields and Forces
29．2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a UnifcIrm Magnetic Field
29．3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
29．4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current．Carrying Conductor
29．5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
29．6 The Hall Eflbct
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
30．Sources of the Magnetic Field
30．1 The Biot-SavartLaw
30．2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
30．3 Ampere’s Law
30．4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
30．5 GRUSS’s Law in Magnetism
30．6 Magnetism in Matter
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
31．FaradaysLaw
31．1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
31．2 Motional emf
31．3 Lenz’sLaw
31．4 Induced emf and Electric Fields
31．5 Generators and Motors
31．6 Eddy Currents
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
32．Inductance
32．1 Self-Induction and Inductance
32．2 RL Circuits
32．3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
32．4 Mutual Inductance
32．5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
32．6 The RLC Circuit
Summary
Objective Questions
Conceptual Questions
Problems
33．Alternating-Current Circuits
33．1 AC Sources
33．2 Resistors in an AC Circuit
33．3 Tndllctors in an Ar Gircuit
……
This method is somewhat similar to the common practice in the legal profession of finding“legal precedents．” If a previously resolved case can be found that is very similar legally to the current one，it is used as a model and an argument is made in court to link them logically．The finding in the previous case can then be used to sway the finding in the current case．We will do something similar in physics．For a given problem，we search for a“physics precedent，”a model with which we are already familiar and that can be applied to the current problem． We shall generate analysis models based on fomr fundamental simplification models．The first of the four is the particle model discussed in the introduction to this chapter．We will look at a particle under various behaviors and environmental interactions．Further analysis models are introduced in later chapters based on simplification models of a ststem，a rigid object， and a wave．0nee we have introduced these analysis roodels．we shall see that they appear again and again in different problem situations．
When solving a problem，you should avoid browsing through the chapter looking for an equation that contains the unknown variable that is requested in the problem．In many cases，the equation you find may have nothing to do with the problem you are attempting to solve．It is much better to take this first step：Identifv the analysis model that is appropriate for the problem．To do so，think carefully about what is going on in the problem and match it to a situation you have seen be fore．0nce the analysis model is identified，there are a small number of equations from which to choose that are appropriate for that model．There fore，the model tells you which equation（s）to use for the
mathematical representation．
Let us use Equation 2．2 to build our first analysis model for solving problems．We imagine a particle moving with a constant velocity．The roodel of a particle under constant velocity can be applied in any situation in which an entiw that can be modeled as a particle is moving with constant velocity．This situation Occurs frequently，so this model is important．
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