數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)是我國當(dāng)前發(fā)展的重要方向。新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施旨在為社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供新動力和新能源，是數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的創(chuàng)新之處在于，深度融合了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、5G 移動通信、人工智能、大數(shù)據(jù)、云計算等信息技術(shù)的新興領(lǐng)域，作為核心技術(shù)共同形成新一代信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的有力支撐，可以充分發(fā)揮IT技術(shù)對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的加速、賦能和催化等作用，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)匯聚和平臺集成等效應(yīng)，逐步形成新的產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)體系。建設(shè)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，是我國推動產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)化升級和企業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型的重要手段。本書共12 章，在闡述我國信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)發(fā)展歷程的基礎(chǔ)上，首先分析了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中的作用，提出我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)，對物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)與5G、大數(shù)據(jù)和人工智能等新興技術(shù)的融合及存在的主要問題進(jìn)行了介紹，并論述了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)與工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和數(shù)字孿生之間的關(guān)系，最后給出物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)政策與實施案例。
張暉，工學(xué)博士，正高級高級工程師，中國電子技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院技術(shù)總監(jiān)，國家物聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作組原秘書長，國家物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展專家咨詢委員會委員。作為項目負(fù)責(zé)人牽頭承擔(dān)多項“新一代寬帶無線通信網(wǎng)”國家科技重大專項、工信部智能制造和工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)專項及科技部863等重大課題的研究工作。牽頭編寫了國家工信部《物聯(lián)網(wǎng)十三五發(fā)展規(guī)劃》和發(fā)改委《關(guān)于促進(jìn)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)健康有序發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見》等多項政策規(guī)劃文件。主辦或參與信息技術(shù)設(shè)備、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等上百項國家和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制修訂。曾獲得中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)創(chuàng)新貢獻(xiàn)獎二等獎、中國電子學(xué)會科學(xué)技術(shù)獎三等獎和軍隊科技進(jìn)步獎三等獎等獎項。在國內(nèi)外權(quán)威學(xué)報和核心期刊發(fā)表論文三十余篇，出版《物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化概述》、《大數(shù)據(jù)環(huán)境下的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)》等專著。
第1 章 從基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)到新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)···················································.1
1.1 傳統(tǒng)意義上的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施·······················································································.1
1.1.1 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)···········································································.1
1.1.2 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)特征········································································.2
1.2 新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的內(nèi)涵··························································································.4
1.3 新基建相關(guān)政策的時間脈絡(luò)·················································································.5
1.4 新基建的特點和時代背景····················································································.7
1.5 新基建到底新在何處··························································································.9
1.6 本章小結(jié)·········································································································10
第2 章 我國信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)發(fā)展歷程·····················································.11
2.1 新基建與信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的關(guān)系··············································································11
2.2 國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的提出····················································································12
2.3 我國信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)歷程··············································································13
2.4 我國信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)與國際水平的差距·······························································16
2.5 本章小結(jié)·········································································································17
第3 章 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中的作用··················································.18
3.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是新基建的核心要素·················································································18
3.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)建立新基建的能力支撐··············································································19
3.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)構(gòu)筑工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展根基········································································21
3.4 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)改變數(shù)據(jù)中心的運(yùn)營方式···········································································21
3.5 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)引領(lǐng)5G 通信的發(fā)展方向···········································································23
3.6 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供人工智能所需要的實時數(shù)據(jù)··································································25
3.7 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施安全的全新挑戰(zhàn)·····································································26
3.8 本章小結(jié)·········································································································27
第4 章 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇···························································.29
4.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)概念演化與內(nèi)涵解析·················································································29
4.1.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)概念的起源····················································································29
4.1.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)定義的形成····················································································30
4.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程·······················································································32
4.2.1 射頻識別產(chǎn)業(yè)的興起·················································································33
4.2.2 傳感器及智能終端產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展·····································································34
4.2.3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展·················································································35
4.2.4 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的數(shù)據(jù)處理·················································································36
4.2.5 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)云平臺的應(yīng)用·················································································37
4.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)與大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)深度融合········································································38
4.3.1 聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備帶來數(shù)據(jù)量的急劇增長··································································38
4.3.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中大數(shù)據(jù)的特征········································································39
4.3.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)專用的大數(shù)據(jù)處理平臺·······························································40
4.3.4 工業(yè)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用與大數(shù)據(jù)的融合··································································42
4.4 人工智能時代物聯(lián)網(wǎng)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇··································································44
4.4.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)········································································44
4.4.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)將邁入全智能化的新階段··································································46
4.5 本章小結(jié)·········································································································49
第5 章 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)體系架構(gòu)與參考模型························································.50
5.1 體系架構(gòu)概述···································································································50
5.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的技術(shù)體系架構(gòu)·······················································································52
5.2.1 總體技術(shù)體系架構(gòu)····················································································52
5.2.2 感知技術(shù)································································································52
5.2.3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)································································································53
5.2.4 支撐平臺································································································54
5.2.5 應(yīng)用技術(shù)································································································54
5.2.6 公共技術(shù)································································································55
5.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的概念模型·······················································································57
5.3.1 概念模型的總體構(gòu)成·················································································57
5.3.2 域的描述及關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系·················································································57
5.4 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的功能體系架構(gòu)·················································································59
5.4.1 系統(tǒng)功能實體構(gòu)成····················································································59
5.4.2 功能實體簡要描述····················································································60
5.4.3 系統(tǒng)部署參考視圖····················································································61
5.5 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的通信參考架構(gòu)·················································································62
5.5.1 通信功能實體構(gòu)成····················································································62
5.5.2 通信功能實體描述····················································································63
5.5.3 通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)參考視圖····················································································64
5.6 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)參考架構(gòu)·················································································65
5.6.1 數(shù)據(jù)功能實體構(gòu)成····················································································65
5.6.2 數(shù)據(jù)功能實體描述····················································································66
5.7 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用體系架構(gòu)·················································································66
5.7.1 角色、子角色和活動·················································································66
5.7.2 六域模型映射關(guān)系····················································································70
5.7.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用實例·················································································71
5.8 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的安全參考模型·················································································71
5.9 本章小結(jié)·········································································································73
第6 章 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)采集基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施構(gòu)成···························································.74
6.1 數(shù)據(jù)采集基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施概述·······················································································74
6.2 傳感器——從單器件到智能化··············································································77
6.2.1 傳感器相關(guān)概念·······················································································77
6.2.2 傳感器的分類··························································································78
6.2.3 傳感器的技術(shù)發(fā)展····················································································80
6.2.4 傳感器的硬件組成和工作原理·····································································85
6.3 二維條碼——從堆疊式到矩陣式···········································································89
6.3.1 二維條碼相關(guān)概念····················································································89
6.3.2 二維條碼的主要技術(shù)·················································································91
6.3.3 二維條碼的識別過程·················································································93
6.3.4 二維條碼的主要國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)···········································································97
6.3.5 二維條碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參數(shù)比較···········································································.105
6.4 射頻識別——從低頻到超高頻···········································································.108
6.4.1 射頻識別相關(guān)概念·················································································.108
6.4.2 射頻識別技術(shù)的發(fā)展··············································································.110
6.4.3 射頻識別的硬件組成和工作原理·······························································.113
6.5 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)感知數(shù)據(jù)的采集過程··············································································.116
6.5.1 使用傳感器進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)采集········································································.116
6.5.2 感知數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸與組網(wǎng)···········································································.118
6.6 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)感知數(shù)據(jù)的融合過程··············································································.121
6.6.1 信息融合的必要性·················································································.121
6.6.2 信息融合概念模型·················································································.123
6.6.3 各級信息融合過程·················································································.124
6.6.4 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中的信息融合········································································.133
6.6.5 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息融合的發(fā)展趨勢·····································································.135
6.7 本章小結(jié)······································································································.136
第7 章 支撐物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用的5G 通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施·················································.137
7.1 移動通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程·················································································.137
7.1.1 第一代移動通信系統(tǒng)（1G） ····································································.137
7.1.2 第二代移動通信系統(tǒng)（2G） ····································································.138
7.1.3 第三代移動通信系統(tǒng)（3G） ····································································.140
7.1.4 第四代移動通信系統(tǒng)（4G） ····································································.141
7.2 5G 的應(yīng)用需求和發(fā)展愿景···············································································.143
7.2.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)引領(lǐng)5G 的應(yīng)用需求·····································································.143
7.2.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)主導(dǎo)5G 的發(fā)展愿景·····································································.145
7.2.3 5G 相對4G 的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)提升····································································.146
7.3 5G 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展·····················································································.148
7.4 5G 的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)突破························································································.151
7.4.1 基于NFV 和SDN 的網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)··································································.152
7.4.2 設(shè)備到設(shè)備（D2D）通信········································································.155
7.4.3 多輸入多輸出（MIMO） ········································································.159
7.4.4 超密集組網(wǎng)（UDN） ·············································································.163
7.4.5 移動邊緣計算（MEC） ··········································································.167
7.4.6 非正交多址接入（NOMA） ····································································.172
7.4.7 網(wǎng)絡(luò)切片（Network Slice） ·····································································.174
7.5 5G 的窄帶蜂窩物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)···············································································.178
7.5.1 窄帶物聯(lián)網(wǎng)（NB-IoT） ··········································································.178
7.5.2 增強(qiáng)型機(jī)器類型通信（eMTC）································································.181
7.5.3 NB-IoT 與eMTC 的應(yīng)用互補(bǔ)和選擇競爭····················································.183
7.6 本章小結(jié)······································································································.186
第8 章 具有物聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代特征的大數(shù)據(jù)中心···················································.187
8.1 大數(shù)據(jù)中心的起源和發(fā)展·················································································.187
8.1.1 數(shù)據(jù)中心的起源····················································································.187
8.1.2 大數(shù)據(jù)中心建設(shè)重要性分析·····································································.188
8.1.3 新基建推動大數(shù)據(jù)中心發(fā)展·····································································.189
8.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中的大數(shù)據(jù)特征與架構(gòu)·····································································.192
8.2.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)大數(shù)據(jù)特征·················································································.192
8.2.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)大數(shù)據(jù)分析平臺邏輯架構(gòu)·······························································.193
8.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中的大數(shù)據(jù)管理··············································································.195
8.3.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)大數(shù)據(jù)云平臺的數(shù)據(jù)處理·······························································.195
8.3.2 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)大數(shù)據(jù)存儲與管理········································································.196
8.3.3 分布式文件系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)········································································.198
8.4 大數(shù)據(jù)中心建設(shè)的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用需求·····································································.201
8.4.1 數(shù)據(jù)中心建設(shè)安全分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)·····································································.201
8.4.2 數(shù)據(jù)中心需要控制的物理環(huán)境要素····························································.201
8.4.3 基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)中心環(huán)境運(yùn)維方式·························································.203
8.5 本章小結(jié)······································································································.209
第9 章 人工智能助推物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的智能化演進(jìn)·············································.210
9.1 人工智能的發(fā)展歷程·······················································································.210
9.1.1 人工智能的概念內(nèi)涵··············································································.210
9.1.2 人工智能的技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程········································································.211
9.1.3 人工智能的特征與技術(shù)框架·····································································.213
9.1.4 人工智能涉及的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)········································································.215
9.2 人工智能技術(shù)與物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的融合···········································································.218
9.2.1 大數(shù)據(jù)是人工智能的基石········································································.218
9.2.2 人工智能是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的大腦········································································.219
9.2.3 人工智能技術(shù)與物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的融合應(yīng)用····························································.220
9.3 智能物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展前景展望··············································································.221
9.3.1 協(xié)同智能化的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)········································································.221
9.3.2 服務(wù)智能化的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)········································································.222
9.4 人工智能的典型應(yīng)用——自動駕駛汽車·······························································.223
9.4.1 自動駕駛汽車的技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀········································································.223
9.4.2 自動駕駛汽車的發(fā)展趨勢········································································.227
9.5 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的典型應(yīng)用——智能交通物聯(lián)網(wǎng)·······························································.228
9.5.1 從車聯(lián)網(wǎng)到智能交通物聯(lián)網(wǎng)·····································································.228
9.5.2 智能交通物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用前景·····································································.229
9.6 智能交通物聯(lián)網(wǎng)與自動駕駛汽車的協(xié)同·······························································.232
9.6.1 車網(wǎng)知識協(xié)同的優(yōu)勢··············································································.232
9.6.2 車網(wǎng)知識協(xié)同體系架構(gòu)···········································································.232
9.6.3 基于智能交通物聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境的自動駕駛汽車發(fā)展展望·······································.235
9.7 本章小結(jié)······································································································.235
第10 章 基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)底座構(gòu)建工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用··············································.236
10.1 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的前世今生··················································································.236
10.1.1 從消費(fèi)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到產(chǎn)業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)···································································.236
10.1.2 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的起源與歷程······································································.238
10.1.3 各國先進(jìn)制造戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展背景···································································.240
10.2 GE 和IIC 的工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展困局·····································································.244
10.2.1 GE 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的興起與挫折·································································.244
10.2.2 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)聯(lián)盟的困境與轉(zhuǎn)型································································.246
10.3 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)支撐中國工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展······································································.247
10.3.1 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)政策······································································.247
10.3.2 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的技術(shù)體系架構(gòu)···································································.249
10.3.3 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)底座································································.256
10.4 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與工業(yè)4.0 的碰撞交流····································································.261
10.5 工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)落地實施的待解問題······································································.264
10.5.1 跨行業(yè)、跨專業(yè)工業(yè)機(jī)理存在知識壁壘····················································.265
10.5.2 標(biāo)識體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一，缺少核心價值··························································.267
10.6 本章小結(jié)····································································································.271
第11 章 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)架起通往數(shù)字孿生世界的橋梁···············································.272
11.1 數(shù)字孿生的發(fā)展背景·····················································································.272
11.2 數(shù)字孿生的概念與內(nèi)涵··················································································.274
11.2.1 數(shù)字孿生的術(shù)語定義············································································.274
11.2.2 數(shù)字孿生的典型特征············································································.275
11.2.3 與相近概念的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別······································································.275
11.3 數(shù)字孿生的技術(shù)體系·····················································································.278
11.3.1 數(shù)字孿生參考模型···············································································.278
11.3.2 數(shù)字孿生技術(shù)架構(gòu)···············································································.280
11.3.3 數(shù)字孿生的主要支撐技術(shù)······································································.283
11.4 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)建立虛實世界之間的連接·······························································.284
11.5 本章小結(jié)····································································································.286
第12 章 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)政策與實施案例········································.287
12.1 《物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)三年行動計劃（2021—2023 年）》解讀···························.287
12.1.1 行動計劃出臺背景···············································································.287
12.1.2 行動計劃主要內(nèi)容···············································································.288
12.2 智能安防物聯(lián)網(wǎng)新基建案例············································································.291
12.2.1 案例概況···························································································.291
12.2.2 案例技術(shù)方案·····················································································.292
12.2.3 創(chuàng)新點和實施效果···············································································.293
12.3 智慧燃?xì)馕锫?lián)網(wǎng)新基建案例············································································.298
12.3.1 案例概況···························································································.298
12.3.2 案例技術(shù)方案·····················································································.299
12.3.3 創(chuàng)新點和實施效果···············································································.301
12.4 智能電網(wǎng)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)監(jiān)測新基建案例······································································.303
12.4.1 案例概況···························································································.303
12.4.2 案例技術(shù)方案·····················································································.304
12.4.3 創(chuàng)新點和實施效果···············································································.306
12.5 智能交通車路協(xié)同新基建案例·········································································.307
12.5.1 案例概況···························································································.307
12.5.2 案例技術(shù)方案·····················································································.308
12.5.3 創(chuàng)新點和實施效果···············································································.312
12.6 本章小結(jié)····································································································.314
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