《普通高等教育“十一五”國家級(jí)規(guī)劃教材配套輔導(dǎo)用書：新視野大學(xué)英語形成形測(cè)評(píng)（第4冊(cè)）》是基于《新視野大學(xué)英語》（第二版）1～4冊(cè)各單元學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容所構(gòu)建的凸顯形成性評(píng)估理念的同步配套多元化、立體化的測(cè)評(píng)體系，為教師和學(xué)生提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)+紙筆的便捷測(cè)評(píng)方法，作為對(duì)課堂出勤記錄和課堂表現(xiàn)記錄的補(bǔ)充，更加全面地反饋教與學(xué)的情況，促進(jìn)教與學(xué)的及時(shí)改革、調(diào)整。
測(cè)評(píng)的題型包括全國大學(xué)英語四級(jí)、六級(jí)考試的題型，國際上常用的英語考試題型，如TOEFL，IELTS等，使學(xué)生通過系列性的形成性測(cè)評(píng)，不僅對(duì)當(dāng)前的教與學(xué)作出恰當(dāng)?shù)姆答仯矣兄趯W(xué)生熟悉各種考試題型，提高考試成績。
《普通高等教育“十一五”國家級(jí)規(guī)劃教材配套輔導(dǎo)用書：新視野大學(xué)英語形成形測(cè)評(píng)（第4冊(cè)）》與新視野大學(xué)英語聽說讀寫教程（第2版）配套使用。
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Answers
Listening Scripts
Because strategies and skills required on offense and on defense differ， most organized football clubs have offensive and defensive groups that change on the field as possession of the ball changes. The offensive team traditionally comprises a quarterback （the field leader）， a fullback， two halfbacks， a center， two guards， two tackles， and two ends. A typical defensive unit has two tackles and two ends， who play on the line， as well as three people who guard the line， two people who stand a little way from the line， and two safeties.
The game is dMded into two halves， each consisting of two quarters， periods of 15minutes playing time. At the end of each of the first three quarters， the teams exchange sides. Each half begins with one team kicking the ball to the other team， which also starts play after every score. In addition to the touchdown， points are scored by kicking the ball （which is held on the ground by a teammate of the kicker） over the crossbar between the goal posts （a field goal）， for three points; and by downing a player in possession of the ball behind his own goalline （a safety）， for two points.
When a team is not likely to gain nine meters in four downs， it often kicks the ball to the other team， usually on the fourth down. After each down， before resuming play， the opposing teams face each other along an imaginary line determined by the position of the ball relative to the goals. Among standard offensive formations， the basic T formation （a balanced line with the quarterback behind the center and the other backs behind the quarterback） is， with modern variations， the most popular in both amateur and professional football. Blocking and tackling make football one of the most dangerous sports played; thus players wear heavy protective gear.
Five officials control a game， and penalties， chiefly in the form of moving the ball away from a team's object goal， are handed out for violations of the rules. Rules concerning the field， scoring， playing time， downs， substitution， officials， and equipment have undergone numerous changes， generally to make the game safer.
Canadian Football
Canadian football is similar to the US game， but the Canadian field and end zone are larger， measuring 100 meters by 59 meters and 23 meters by 59 meters， respectively. Canadian teams have 12 players on the field rather than 11 and， among other variations in the rules， are allowed only three downs to advance the ball nine meters. The present game developed from rules established （1891） by the Canadian Rugby Union. In 1959 the two professional leagues in the union broke away to form the Canadian Football League （CFL）. From 1993 t0 1995 the CFL had several US-based teams; there are now nine teams divided between two divisions. A number of prominent US players have made careers in the CFL.
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