我們平時進行閱讀時,閱讀的速度會因所讀的材料和閱讀目的的不同而有所變化。例如,如果我們閱讀的目的是要看懂一篇學術論文或一本教科書的某一章節,那我們的閱讀速度顯然要比看一份報紙慢一些。也就是說,閱讀速度取決于閱讀目的。此外,閱讀速度和閱讀理解之間也存在一定的辯證關系,即閱讀速度快了,閱讀理解會相應地有所降低。因此,我們的閱讀速度要根據閱讀目的和閱讀材料的內容來定。
人們平時閱讀一般的書刊資料時,并不總是要求弄清每一個細節和看懂每一個詞。較常見的要求是正確理解文章的中心大意和抓住主要事實和有關細節。在這一前提下,我們進行快速閱讀時,閱讀理解的準確率不應低于70%。
要提高閱讀速度,就要采取正確的方法,摒棄那些不利于提高閱讀速度的不良習慣,如閱讀讀者嘴巴隨視線的移動而逐詞默讀或輕輕地將每個詞讀出聲來,因為這樣會大大影響閱讀速度。同樣,用手指指著單詞逐一地往前移也是不可取的,因為這和逐詞默讀一樣也會使我們的閱讀速度減慢。
《大學英語》系列教材(全新版)是一套依據全新的教學理念、全新的構思、全新的素材編寫而成的供大學英語教學使用的系列教材。
本教材的宗旨是:在遵循現代外語教學理念、充分運用先進信息技術的基礎上,注重為學生創造自主學習環境,強調個性化學習,全面培養學生的英語綜合應用能力,尤其是聽說能力,使他們在今后工作和社會交往中能用英語有效地進行口頭和書面的信息交流。
《大學英語》系列教材自1986年的試用本問世以來,受到廣大師生和英語學習者的青睞,先后被千余所院校采用,成為我國高校英語教學的首選教材,并榮獲全國高等學校第二屆優秀教材特等獎和國家教委高等學校第二屆優秀教材一等獎。在這期間,教材曾數度修訂,分別在1992年、1997年出版了正式本和修訂本,較好地滿足了當時教學的需求。然而,隨著新世紀的到來,世界進入了經濟全球化、科學技術一體化時代,英語作為當前國際上使用最為廣泛的信息載體和交流工具,其重要性越發突出。近年來,由于我國的社會和經濟迅猛發展、國際交往日益頻繁,國家和社會對大學英語教學,對大學生的英語綜合應用能力,尤其是聽說能力,提出了更高和更迫切的要求。我國的大學英語教學面臨著新的挑戰。大學英語教學改革必須進一步深化。另一方面,我國的外語教學環境正逐步改善,多媒體、網絡等現代教育技術的發展使得大學英語教學多樣化、個性化有了可能。人們紛紛探求更適合我國國情的新的教學路子。許多教師已開始利用多媒體和網絡技術進行英語教學,以彌補傳統的課堂教學的不足,并取得成效。基于汁算機/網絡+課堂教學的新型教學模式日漸形成。教材作為教改的一個重要方面,作為教學思想的一種載體,更應更新觀念跟上形勢,有新的作為。
正是在這種新形勢下,上海外語教育出版社組織、策劃了《大學英語》系列教材(全新版)的編寫工作。在該社的全力支持、協調下,開展了廣泛而深入的調研、論證工作,并在此基礎上經過精心設計,認真編寫出《綜合教程》和《聽說教程》的樣課,在復旦大學等院校部分班級試用,同時征詢了二十多個省市的數百所院校的意見,歷經近三年時間的準備后,編寫出這套全新的系列教材,更好地服務于新世紀我國的大學英語教學。
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Unit 1
Text A-1 Alone in the Arctic Cold
Text A-2 Merories of Afghanistan
Text B-1 The Conquest of Mt.Jolmo
Text B-2 Buzz-bombs and Doodlebugs
Unit 2
Text A-1 Atomic Cars
Text A-2 Improving Industrial Efficiency Through Robotics
Text B-1 Maglev:A New Generation in Railroad Technology
Text B-2 Letters:Obsolete Technology
Unit 3
Text A-1 How to Prepae for an Interview
Text A-2 Needing and Wanting Are Different
Text B-1 What Mdkes a Good Job?
Text B-2 The Kind of Work Daddy Does
Unit 4
Text A-1 The Suburban Century
Text A-2 Adapting to the New World
Text B-1 The Jeaning of America and the World
Text B-2 Americans and Food
Unit 5
Text A-1 Everday Cruelty
Text A-2 The Power of Forgiveness
Text B-1 A True Wartime Story
Text B-2 A Life of Quiet Desperation
Unit 6
Text A-1 Karoshi
Text A-2 The Culture of“Lead Time”
Text B-1 Pace of Life
Text B-2 The Impact of Time
Unit 7
Text A-1 States United by Terror
Text A-2 A Case for the UN
Text B-1 The Worst Scare of My Life
Text B-2 Take Care,America
Unit 8
Text A-1 Grand Canyon Crowding
Text A-2 Ecotourism
Text B-1 Working Your Way Around the World
Text B-2 Jones Beach
Appendix
Key to Comprehension Exercises
The Culture of "Lead Time"
Advance notice is often referred to in America as "lead time," an expression which issignificant in a culture where schedules are important. While it is learned informally, mostof us are familiar with how it works in our own culture, even though we cannot state therules technically. The rules for lead time in other cultures, however, have rarely beenanalyzed. At the most they are known by experience to those who lived abroad for sometime. Yet think how important it is to know how much time is required to prepare people,or for them to prepare themselves, for things to come. Sometimes lead time would seem tobe very extended. At other times, in the Middle East, any period longer than a week maybe too long.
How troublesome differing ways of handling time can be is well illustrated by the caseof an American agriculturalist assigned to duty as an attach6 of our embassy in a Latincountry. After what seemed to him a suitable period he let it be known that he would liketo call on the minister who was his counterpart. For various reasons, the suggested timewas not suitable; all sorts of cues came back to the effect that the time was not yet ripe tovisit the minister. Our friend, however, persisted and forced an appointment, which wasreluctantly granted. Arriving a little before the hour (the American respect pattern), hewaited. The hour came and passed; five minutes —— ten minutes —— fifteen minutes. At thispoint he suggested to the secretary that perhaps the minister did not know he was waitingin the outer office. This gave him the feeling he had done something concrete and alsohelped to overcome the great anxiety that was stirring inside him. Twenty minutes ——twenty-five minutes —— thirty minutes —— forty-five minutes (the insult period) !