葡萄作為全球廣泛種植的經濟作物，其面積已近730萬公頃，在園藝生產中具有重要作用，但由于各地氣候及栽培技術的差異，使葡萄的建園和生產受到多種限制。《葡萄栽培技術》的編寫可為解決該類問題以及葡萄高效栽培技術的推廣應用提供參考。本書從高產高效的角度，針對葡萄生產實際需求，結合葡萄的標準化栽培，闡述了葡萄重要的優良品種及選擇、葡萄苗木繁殖、生產園的建立、葡萄的土壤、肥料和水分管理、整形修剪技術、花果管理、植物生長調節劑的應用，以及主要病蟲害的防治等內容。
本書主要從葡萄重要優良品種及選擇，葡萄苗木繁殖，葡萄生產園建設，葡萄土、肥、水管理，葡萄整形修剪，葡萄的花果管理等八個章節詳細講述了葡萄栽培方面的經驗與做法，圖文并茂、體例新穎、層次清晰、深入淺出、通俗易懂、實用性強。適用于高職高專院校園藝類專業，也可供農業科技工作者參考。
rain-shelteringVitis was among the first fruit domesticated species, and now it’s one of the
most extensively grown and economically significant fruit crops over the globe. Grape berries are often eaten fresh but are commonly used to produce wine and are also processed into value-added products such as jams, juices, grape seed oil, grape seed extract, raisins, and vinegar. Grapevines are naturally adapted to a wide range of soil types, ranging from blow sands to clay loams, from shallow to very deep soils, from highly calcareous to non-calcareous soils, and from very low to high fertility soils. According to statistics of 2020, the planting area of grapevines is almost 7.3 million hectares, with a yield of over 74 million metric tons, which puts an average value of over 187 billion US dollars in the grape industry and is expected to reach 407.97 billion US dollars by 2026. This industry and its derivatives alone have created millions of job opportunities worldwide.
Since the unexpected increase in grape cultivation in 2011, China has been the world’s second-largest grape cultivation area, with 0.7 million hectares producing area and an annual production of 14.3 million metric tons, exceeding the entire production of nine major producing countries. Though grapes have the characteristics of strong eco-adaptability, early fruiting habits, high yield, and long productive life, the differences in climate and soil conditions in China demand multiple grape cultivation techniques. With the development of the economy and the promotion of various easy cultivation approaches such as rainproof cultivation, as well as the application of supporting cultivation techniques such as cold protection by burying soil, breaking dormancy, and inducing buds, and standardized soil, fertilizer, and water management, many areas are suitable for grape cultivation and have become the major producing regions. At the same time, due to differences in climate and economic conditions, various cultivation measures have been introduced, such as the rain sheltering cultivation model on the southeast coast and the cold-proof model of soil burying in winter in North China. It has played an important role in the development of agriculture and rural economy. Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry (JSAFC) is a famous vocational college in training both Chinese and international students. The establishment of the international student education textbook system in JSAFC has always been valued. With the cultivation of superior grape varieties and the development of more efficient vineyard management practices, the grape industry will play a more significant role not just in China but also in other regions of the world. Xie Zhengqiang, Zhao Pengcheng, Peng Bing, Xu Huanyu, etc. decided to write this textbook to transfer the knowledge and technology of grape cultivation based on China’s experience to other parts of the world. They are not only active teachers but also scientists of grape science and technique. This book covers the main aspects of grape cultivation technologies, including important superior grape cultivars and their selection; grape seedling propagation; construction of vineyards; soil, fertilizer, and water management of grapes; training and pruning of grapes; flower, and fruit management of grapes; application of plant growth regulators; and control of main grape diseases and pests.
解振強，男，博士，江蘇農林職業技術學院副教授。從事葡萄栽培、育種教學及科研工作，主持教育部職業教育專業教學資源庫建設“園藝設施”子項目，主編《園藝設施》《休閑農業園區經營管理》等高職高專“十三五”規劃教材，建成“園藝設施”江蘇省在線開放課程。
趙鵬程，博士，江蘇農林職業技術學院講師。主要擔任《園藝植物生產技術》、《無土栽培》等課程的教學工作，主要研究方向為葡萄的高效栽培技術及果實的發育調控機理。已發表SCI論文6篇，中文論文3篇。
Chapter 1 Important Superior Grape Cultivars and Their Selection 1
I. High-quality Early-maturing Table Grape Cultivars 1
II. High-quality Mid-maturing Table Grape Cultivars 3
III. High-quality Late-maturing Table Grape Cultivars 6
Chapter 2 Grape Seedling Propagation 9
I. Selection and Establishment of Grape Nursery 9
II. Grape Seedling Propagation 15
III. Outplanting Management of Grape Seedlings 45
Chapter 3 Construction of Vineyards 50
I. Vineyard Selection 50
II. Standardized Planning and Design of Vineyards 62
III. Soil Improvement before Orchard Establishment 68
IV. Design and Selection of Trellis 75
Chapter 4 Soil, Fertilizer, and Water Management of Grapes 88
I. Soil Properties in the Vineyard 88
II. Vineyard Soil Management 111
III. Vineyard Fertilization Management 148
IV. Vineyard Soil Moisture Management 173
Chapter 5 Training and Pruning of Grapes 178
I. Principles and Basis of Training and Pruning 178
II. High Light Efficiency and Labor-saving Tree Shape and Foliar Canopy
Shape Cultivated in the Open Field 182
III. Protected Cultivation of High-light-efficiency and Labor-saving
Tree Shape and Foliar Canopy Shape 192
IV. Winter Pruning Technique of Grapes 202
V. Summer Pruning Technique of Grapes 208
Chapter 6 Flower and Fruit Management of Grapes 212
I. Inflorescence Management 212
II. Fruit Cluster Management 215
Chapter 7 Application of Plant Growth Regulators 221
I. Characteristics and Action Mechanism of Plant Growth Regulators 221
II. Roles of Plant Growth Regulators in Grape Cultivation 227
III. Problems Existing in the Application of Plant Growth Regulators
on Grapes 231
IV. Precautions for Applying Plant Growth Regulators 234
Chapter 8 Control of Main Grape Diseases and Pests 236
I. Characteristics of Control of Grape Diseases and Pests 236
II. Principles of Pesticide Application in the Vineyard 240
III. Common Grapes Diseases and Their Control 243
IV. Common Grape Pests and Their Control 283
Chapter 4 Soil, Fertilizer, and Water
Management of Grapes
Soil is the basis for grape growing and fruiting. The structure and physicochemical characteristics of the soil provide and coordinate the necessary moisture and nutritional conditions for grape growth and development, and they are closely related to grape growth and development. Soil conditions largely determine the nature, plant life, fruit yield, and quality of grape cultivation, as well as the quality and flavor of wine. Soil management is an important work in the vineyard,
and good soil management is the prerequisite for the healthy production of grapes and the basis for environmental protection and sustainable development.
I. Soil Properties in the Vineyard
As for orchards, the basic properties of the soil shall mainly include water and fertilizer retention capacity, related soil structure, soil porosity, and soil acidity_x0002_alkalinity. If conditions are met, the orchard soil management will adopt sod culture or various covering methods. Therefore, the soil tilth in orchards is not as important as in farmlands planted with food crops and cash crops like vegetables.
(I) Soil Porosity
Soil aggregate and soil particle (single particle) are mutually supported in the soil to form various tortuous pores with uneven thickness and different shapes, which can be classified into inactive pores, capillary pores, and ventilation pores. Pores between solid soil aggregates and between soil particles are the places where moisture and air exist and circulate. The soil must have sufficient pore volume and appropriate proportion and distribution of large and small pores, to facilitate the
fertile and water supply and the normal growth and development of the root systemof crops. Porosity is the general term for pore volume (generally expressed in the degree of porosity), proportion and distribution of large and small pores. The proportion of pores of different sizes in the soil is of great significance in agricultural production. Generally, due to artificial measures such as frequent cultivation, irrigation, and fertilization, most soil particles are loosely arranged in
the plow layer, with a good aggregate structure. The soil is loose generally with a porosity above 50% and low bulk density. The soil layer below the plow layer is the opposite. Too loose soil has weak cohesion between soil particles, and large pores are dominant. Although it is easy to cultivate, too loose soil also makes it difficult for the plant to take root, and it has a poor water-retaining capacity, is prone to air leakage and soil moisture loss and soil nutrient loss with precipitation or irrigation. Too compact soil has a large number of small pores, which leads to poor aeration and water permeability. It is easy to produce excess surface water or surface runoff.
Lack of air in soil affects microbial activity and nutrient transformation. Besides, it also affects the cultivation quality, the emergence of seedlings, and the normal development of the plant root system. Sandy soil particles are coarse, with small porosity and large pore size, which is conducive to water permeability and aeration, but its water retention capacity is poor. Clay, on the contrary, has large porosity, but it has many invalid pores. Although its water retention capacity is strong, its water permeability and aeration are poor, and the clay temperature is not easy to rise.
Loam lies between sandy soil and clay, with proper porosity, which has good water permeability and good water retention capacity.
(II) Structure of Soil
In any kind of soil, except for pure sand, all levels of soil particles agglomerate with each other for different reasons into soil aggregates, clods, and patches with different sizes, shapes, and properties, which are referred to as soil structures. The existence and arrangement of these structures with different forms in the soil will change the porosity of the soil and directly affect the soil fertility, nutrient movement, and change of tilth. Generally speaking, the coarser the soil texture is, the larger the bulk density is, and the smaller the total porosity of the soil is. The
finer the texture of the soil is, the smaller the bulk density is, and the greater the total porosity of the soil is. The suitable porosity is as follows: the total porosity of plow layer soil (0–15 cm) is 50%–60%, and the aeration porosity is 15%–20%, and those of basement soil (15–30 cm) are 50% and 10% respectively. A complete set of measures of autumn plowing can loosen the soil and form soil aggregates of suitable size, improve the soil structure, reduce the soil bulk density, and increase the porosity. The higher the content of soil organic matter is, the more obvious the
improvement of clay soil porosity is.
The best soil structure for farming is an aggregate structure with a particle size of 2–3 mm. Soil with aggregate structure has strong stability and good porosity that balance water permeability and water retention. There are a large number of various microorganisms in the soil, which is conducive to the decomposition of organic matter and the release of nutrients. The soil with aggregate structure has a moderate proportion of solid, liquid, and gas phases, which also brings good thermal conditions and is conducive to crop growth and development. The total porosity of block, core, column, prism, and sheet structures is small, and the pores are mainly small inactive pores and capillary pores. Large aeration pores between structures often become channels of water and fertilizer leakage. The root system of plants is difficult to penetrate such structures and is often torn off in case of crack, so they are referred to as bad structures. The aggregate structure not only has a large total porosity but also has a large number of multi-level large and small pores in its interior. The arrangement between aggregates is loose, and there are many large pores, which have the dual functions of water storage and aeration, so it is referred to as a good structure.
The high content of organic matter in soil is the decisive condition for the formation of soil aggregate structure. Compared with farmland, it is easier to implement soil management methods for orchards, such as green manure crop planting, sod culture, and straw mulching, which is conducive to the formation of soil aggregate structure. It is necessary to irrigate rationally and till at the right time. Irrigation by flooding could easily destroy the soil structure and make the soil
harden. After irrigation, it is necessary to intertill and loosen the soil at the right time to prevent hardening. Frequent irrigation by flooding, frequent intertilling and weeding, and irrational application of chemical fertilizers in orchards are not conducive to the formation and stability of soil aggregate structure. Tilling at the right time and giving full play to the roles of alternation of wetting and drying and alternation of freezing and thawing are conducive to the formation of a large number of water-unstable aggregates and the regulation of soil structure. Lime and gypsum can be applied. Application of lime in acidic soil and gypsum in alkaline soil not only can reduce the acidity or alkalinity of soil but also can help form soil aggregates. Application of soil structure conditioner: According to the principle of aggregate structure formation, humic acid, cellulose, lignin, etc. are extracted from plant residues, peat, lignite, and other raw materials. At present, tests have been conducted on the sodium salt of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile or the calcium salt of the copolymer of vinyl acetate and maleic acid. In recent years, humic acid fertilizer has been widely used in China. In many areas, locally produced lignite and peat can be used to produce humic acid fertilizer. It is a solid gel and can play a good role in structural improvement.
(III) Soil Tilth
Soil tilth refers to the characteristics of soil during cultivation, which is a comprehensive reflection of a series of physical properties and physicalmechanical properties of the soil. The tilth closely affects soil tillage quality and fertility.
Generally, the tilth can be summarized into three aspects: ① Difficulty of tillage. Farmers regard the difficulty of tillage as the primary condition to determine the soil tillage quality. Any soil that is labor-saving and easy to till is referred to as “light”, “loose” and “soft” soil by the masses; any soil that is labor-consuming and hard to till is referred to as “heavy”, “tight” and “stiff”
soil by the masses. It is difficult to till the soil with low organic matter content and poor structure. The difficulty of tillage directly affects the efficiency of soil tillage. ② Tillage quality. The tillage quality of the soil is different. Any soil that is loose after tillage, easy to rake and break, has moderate porosity and is conducive to the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings will be deemed to have a good tillage quality; otherwise, it will be deemed to have a bad tillage quality. ③ Length of suitable tillage period. For soils with a good tilth, it is suitable for a long tillage time,
which is characterized by “it is easy to till if it is dry or wet and even easier to till if it is moderately dry or wet”.
However, for soils with a bad tilth, the suitable tillage period is short, generally only 1–2 days. If the suitable tillage period is missed, it is not only difficult to till but also labor-consuming, and the tillage quality is poor, which is characterized by “being soft in the morning, hard at noon, and stiff in the afternoon”, and this kind of soil is referred to as “hour soil” by the masses. The length of a suitable tillage period is closely related to soil texture and soil water content. The suitable tillage period of sandy loam soil and sandy soil is long, while that of clayey soil is short. In production practice, attention should be paid to soil tillage and improvement of soil tilth. ① Prevention of pressing soil. The tightening of the tilled soil under the action of rainfall, irrigation, trampling by people and livestock, and agricultural machinery is referred to as the soil pressing process. With the development of agricultural mechanization, the number of large machines and tools is increasing gradually, and the problem of soil pressing will become more prominent in the future.
To prevent soil pressing, firstly, it is required to improve the tillage quality; secondly, unnecessary operations should be reduced as much as possible or joint operation should be adopted to alleviate the soil pressing and reduce the production cost; thirdly, the no-tillage or less tillage method may be adopted to reduce the mechanical pressing and keep the soil loose. ② Attention should be paid to the suitable tillage state and period of the soil. Farmers in all parts of China have rich experience in grasping the suitable tillage state and the suitable tillage period of soil. For example, you can take a handful of soil, hold it tightly, and then let go of the hand. If it is loose, it is suitable for tillage. Or you can hold the soil into a soil aggregate, then let go of the hand to make the soil aggregate fall to the ground, if it is scattered, then it is suitable for tillage.
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