韓禮德從功能主義視角出發，將語言功能劃分為三大類：
概念功能、語篇功能和人際功能（1985）。然而，韓禮德對前
兩個功能論述較多，研究比較透徹，但對第三個功能——人際
功能，則只研究了語氣、情態和語調，并將其看作是人際意義
的主要內容。如此，忽略了人際意義實現的其他手段。21 世紀
初，李戰子博士以敏銳的眼光觀察到了人際功能沒有得以充分
研究的事實，率先對話語的人際意義展開了研究，并取得了一
系列矚目的成就，其中標志性的成果是《話語的人際意義研究》
這本專著。受李戰子研究的啟發，在之后的十幾年，圍繞著人
際意義，學者們發表了大量論文，取得了豐富的研究成果。但
我們注意到，所有的成果都是以人際意義研究為中心延伸展開
的，雖然實現人際意義的方式不僅有情態動詞、語氣，還有其
他的手段，但學者們的研究重心大都還是以情態研究為視角來
分析話語的人際意義。另外，我們發現國內外大量的研究都聚
焦于認識情態，而語篇中有關責任情態的人際意義還沒有引起
學者們足夠的重視。
鑒于此，本書將運用語用身份的概念，以我國首部大型醫
療劇《心術》與美劇《豪斯醫生》（第1 季）為語料來源，將
這兩部電視劇中的職場語境話語交際原文轉錄成文本語料，通
過對不同情境下醫務人員之間以及醫生與患者之間的言語交際
進行分析，重點研究體現責任情態人際意義的詞匯、語法層面
和語旨變量的各種選擇，以及心理空間的動態構建過程來探討
言語交際中醫務人員角色的形成以及醫患之間的關系。通過考
察責任情態的人際意義，我們既可以弄清楚發話人對話語命題
真實性所承擔責任的程度和對未來行為做出的承諾或承擔的義
務，還可以了解發話者對受話人及相關事件的態度、發話人與
聽話者之間的社會距離和權力關系等，以探究情態系統人際意義在不同語用身份的建構條件、體現方式以及主體性因素。我們在編寫過程中參閱了國內外有關學者的研究成果，追蹤了相關領域研究的最新發展動態。在本書成稿之際，我們要感謝所有關心、支持本書的機構和個人。本書第一、二、三、六章由孫啟耀撰寫，約 8.8萬字；第四、五、七章由王寧撰寫，約 8萬字，最后由孫啟耀統稿。我們希望本書能引起更多人對責任情態研究的關注。由于水平有限，不當之處在所難免，誠摯地希望廣大師生和讀者提出批評和建議。
孫啟耀 王 寧 2015年 1月于哈爾濱
孫啟耀、王寧編*的《語用身份構建中責任情態的人際意義研究》以《心術》與《豪斯醫生》的電視劇集為語料來源，通過對不同情境下的醫務人員之間以及醫患之間的言語交際進行分析，了解言語交際中醫務人員角色的形成以及醫患之間的關系，探討特定職業身份在職場語境中通過責任情態所表現出的對未來行為做出的承諾或承擔的義務以及對行為責任所承擔的程度，探究情態系統人際意義在不同語用身份條件下的建構條件、體現方式以及主體性因素。
前言 ·················································································································i
第一章 緒論 ····························································································· 1
第二章 語言學中的情態研究 ···························································· 5
2.1 情態的定義 ······················································································ 5
2.2 情態的分類 ······················································································ 7
2.3 情態的人際意義研究與研究現狀 ··············································· 10
2.4 本章小結 ························································································ 16
第三章 責任型情態及意義 ······························································ 18
3.1 責任型情態的界定與類別 ··························································· 18
3.1.1 道義情態與認知情態的區別················································· 19
3.1.2 現代英語中的責任型情態 ····················································· 20
3.1.3 現代漢語中的責任型情態 ····················································· 24
3.2 責任型情態的人際意義 ······························································· 25
3.2.1 高量值責任情態的人際意義研究 ······································· 25
3.2.2 低量值責任情態的人際意義研究 ······································· 29
3.3 責任情態的心理空間闡釋 ··························································· 33
3.3.1 顯性責任情態心理空間認知觀 ············································ 34
3.3.2 隱性責任情態心理空間認知觀 ············································ 37
3.4 評價理論視角下的情態責任研究 ··············································· 40
3.4.1 新聞中的語法隱喻策略與情態責任 ·································· 41
3.4.2 評估理論框架下的新聞英語情態責任 ····························· 43
3.5 本章小結 ························································································ 47
第四章 《心術》中的責任情態意義 ·············································· 49
4.1 《心術》中責任情態詞分布研究 ················································· 50
4.1.1 應該 ··················································································· 50
語用身份構建中責任情態的人際意義研究
iv
4.1.2 該 ······················································································· 53
4.1.3 必須 ··················································································· 54
4.1.4 得 ······················································································· 56
4.1.5 需要 ··················································································· 63
4.1.6 要 ······················································································· 65
4.1.7 最好 ··················································································· 71
4.1.8 別 ······················································································· 73
4.1.9 何必 ··················································································· 79
4.2 《心術》中責任情態詞的語用特征 ············································ 80
4.2.1 歸屬于指令類或承諾類言外行為 ································· 80
4.2.2 遵循合作原則及其子準則 ·············································· 83
4.2.3 依照人際交往的禮貌原則 ·············································· 85
4.2.4 關注言語行為的語境恰當性·········································· 89
4.3 《心術》中責任情態心理空間闡釋 ············································ 91
4.4 中國醫務人員話語責任情態使用研究 ······································ 95
4.4.1 多義情態詞偏重認知意義的使用 ································· 96
4.4.2 慎用高量值情態詞 ·························································· 97
4.4.3 重客觀要求輕主觀態度 ·················································· 98
4.5 本章小結 ························································································ 98
第五章 《豪斯醫生》中的責任情態意義 ·································· 100
5.1 《豪斯醫生》中的責任情態詞的分布研究 ······························ 101
5.1.1 can ···················································································· 101
5.1.2 could ················································································ 111
5.1.3 should ·············································································· 116
5.1.4 must ················································································· 122
5.1.5 need ················································································· 124
5.1.6 have to ············································································· 130
5.1.7 責任型情態形容詞necessary ········································ 135
5.1.8 責任型情態實意動詞require ······································· 136
5.2 《豪斯醫生》中的責任情態詞的語用特征 ······························ 137
5.2.1 歸屬于闡述、指令、承諾或表達類言外行為 ·········· 138
5.2.2 遵循合作原則與禮貌原則 ············································ 140
目錄
v
5.2.3 關注言語行為的語境恰當性········································ 142
5.3 《豪斯醫生》中的責任情態心理空間闡釋 ······························ 143
5.4 美國醫務人員的責任情態使用研究 ········································ 148
5.4.1 多義情態詞偏重認知意義的使用 ······························· 149
5.4.2 高量值情態詞比率較大 ················································ 149
5.4.3 突出強調客觀性責任人際意義 ··································· 150
5.4.4 情態量值隨主語變化而改變········································ 150
5.5 本章小結 ······················································································ 151
第六章 中美醫務人員責任情態使用的比較研究·················· 152
6.1 中美醫務人員責任情態使用差異比較 ···································· 152
6.1.1 中美醫務人員責任情態使用的相同點研究··············· 153
6.1.2 中美醫務人員責任情態使用不同點研究 ··················· 158
6.2 中美醫務人員責任情態使用差異探源 ··································· 159
6.2.1 中美語言思維模式的差異 ············································ 159
6.2.2 中美文化宏觀特征的區別 ············································ 161
6.2.3 中美醫療價值觀的不同 ················································ 162
6.3 中國醫生語用身份的建構 ························································· 164
6.3.1 醫生語用身份構建的動機 ············································ 165
6.3.2 醫生語用身份構建的策略 ············································ 167
6.4 本章小結 ······················································································· 169
第七章 余論 ························································································· 171
參考文獻 ·································································································· 177
附：語料來源 ························································································· 185
第一部分 《心術》中的責任情態的對話 ······································· 185
第二部分 《豪斯醫生》中的責任情態的對話 ······························· 188
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