批判性思維:方法與應(yīng)用(英文版.第13版)
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歡迎開(kāi)啟輕松而充實(shí)的批判性思維之旅！本書(shū)將帶領(lǐng)大家理解思維規(guī)則、訓(xùn)練思維能力、規(guī)范思維過(guò)程，進(jìn)而合理判斷、明智行動(dòng)。全書(shū)共分十二章，作者以日常生活為素材，詳解論證方法，剖析思維謬誤，詳談思考、演講與寫(xiě)作，并討論道德、法律與美學(xué)領(lǐng)域的思辨，還提供了豐富的習(xí)題，幫助讀者一舉掌握批判性思維的方法和應(yīng)用。
這個(gè)世界的問(wèn)題就在于蠢人自以為是，智者充滿疑慮。羅素報(bào)紙、廣播、電視、電腦、手機(jī)……傳媒更迭促使思考加速，我們讓渡思考的權(quán)利，任由外部信息干擾自己的表達(dá)。我們一邊被套路，一邊抬杠，身心俱疲，一無(wú)所獲。面對(duì)重要問(wèn)題，思考需要減速。批判性思維是甄別信息、謹(jǐn)慎推斷的慢思考，是為了合理判斷與明智行動(dòng)而展開(kāi)的思維活動(dòng)過(guò)程。在本書(shū)的帶領(lǐng)下，讓我們共同開(kāi)啟批判性思維之旅，繞開(kāi)詭辯陷阱，抵達(dá)理性的彼岸。
布魯克·諾埃爾·摩爾（Brooke Noel Moore），加州大學(xué)芝加哥分校的哲學(xué)教授，負(fù)責(zé)該校批判性思維項(xiàng)目，曾任歷史與哲學(xué)系主任，著有《思想的力量》《倫理學(xué)綜述》等。理查德·帕克（Richard Parker），加州大學(xué)芝加哥分校哲學(xué)系榮休教授，曾任本科教育系主任、校長(zhǎng)行政助理，發(fā)表多部有關(guān)分析哲學(xué)、批判性思維、法律哲學(xué)的作品。
Preface xxiiChanges to the 13th Edition xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvChapter 1 Driving Blindfolded 1Beliefs and Claims 4Issues 7Arguments 8Cognitive Biases 15Truth and Knowledge 21What Critical Thinking Can and Cant Do 22A Word About the Exercises 22Recap 22Additional Exercises 24Answers and Tips 33Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 35Arguments: General Features 35Two Kinds of Arguments 37Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 40Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments 40Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments 41Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments 43Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 44Balance of Considerations 46Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments 47Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 48Techniques for Understanding Arguments 54Evaluating Arguments 57Recap 58Additional Exercises 59Answers and Tips 70Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 73Vagueness 74Ambiguity 76Generality 79Defining Terms 84Writing Argumentative Essays 87Recap 92Additional Exercises 92Answers and Tips 101Chapter 4 Credibility 103The Believability of Claims 104The Credibility of Sources 112The News 118Advertising 126Recap 130Additional Exercises 131Answers and Tips 140Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 142Rhetorical Force 143Rhetorical Devices I 144Rhetorical Devices II 147Rhetorical Devices III 151Rhetorical Devices IV 152Proof Surrogates and Repetition 158Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 161The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 163Recap 166Additional Exercises 167Answers and Tips 184Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 186Argumentum Ad Hominem 187Straw Man 189False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 190Misplacing the Burden of Proof 192Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) 194Appeal to Emotion 195Irrelevant Conclusion 198Recap 200Exercises 201Answers and Tips 207Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 208Generalizations 208Weak Analogy 213Mistaken Appeal to Authority 214Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief) 215Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect 217Slippery Slope 224Untestable Explanation 224Line-Drawing Again 225Recap 225Exercises 226Answers and Tips 234Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 235Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle 235The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly 239The Fallacies of Composition and Division 241Confusing Explanations with Excuses 242Confusing Contraries and Contradictories 244Consistency and Inconsistency 246Miscalculating Probabilities 246Recap 251Additional Exercises 252Answers and Tips 259Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 260Categorical Claims 262Translation into Standard Form (Introduction) 264The Square of Opposition 271Three Categorical Relations 272Categorical Syllogisms 281Recap 294Additional Exercises 294Answers and Tips 304Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic 309Truth Tables and Logical Symbols 310Symbolizing Compound Claims 316Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version) 323Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version) 330Deductions 338Recap 356Additional Exercises 356Answers and Tips 363Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 368Argument from Analogy 368Generalizing from a Sample 377Scientific Generalizing from a Sample 379De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism) 381Causal Statements and Their Support 388Calculating Statistical Probabilities 407Causation in the Law 412Recap 413Additional Exercises 414Answers and Tips 421Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 425Value Judgments 426Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning 432Moral Deliberation 439Legal Reasoning 444Aesthetic Reasoning 448Recap 454Additional Exercises 455Answers and Tips 458Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions 460Glossary 483Index 492
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